Pediculosis
La pediculosis es la infestación humana producida por piojos. Existen varios tipos de piojos, pero nos centraremos en el Pediculus hominis capitis, el piojo que infecta las cabezas de nuestros hijos. Estos piojos miden entre 2 y 5 mm y son de color marrón oscuro; pasan la mayor parte del tiempo fijados al cabello, y descienden a la piel únicamente para alimentarse, cada 4 ó 6 horas. Aunque en condiciones favorables pueden sobrevivir fuera de las personas 3 ó 4 días, en general no son capaces de hacerlo más allá de 15-20 horas, debido a la necesidad que tienen de alimentarse con tanta frecuencia.
¿Qué síntomas producen?
La principal manifestación es el picor, aunque en muchos casos la persona infectada no nota nada, con lo que es más fácil que contagie a otras personas porque no se trata. Al prurito pueden acompañarle excoriaciones y/o lesiones por el rascado.
¿Cómo se diagnostica?
El diagnóstico se basa en la búsqueda de piojos adultos, o en su defecto de liendres. Para verlos mejor, es conveniente que el pelo esté húmedo, ya que dificulta los movimientos del piojo. Se aconseja cepillar el pelo con una lendrera y poner una toalla blanca sobre los hombros para visualizar mejor los piojos que van cayendo. Es importante diferenciar las liendres de la caspa, que se despega del pelo mucho más fácilmente.
¿Se pueden prevenir?
Prevenir que un niño se infeste de piojos es realmente difícil. Es importante vigilar periódicamente el pelo del niño/a para evitar su diseminación y la aparición de síntomas. Existe una técnica de prevención llamada wet combing, muy utilizada actualmente en Estados Unidos, que consiste en que los propios niños aprenden a peinarse después del baño o la ducha con una lendrera de metal, mientras tienen aún el pelo mojado, y tras la aplicación de un suavizante.
Hay que evitar que los niños compartan peines y toallas. No deben juntar gorros, bufandas ni abrigos con sus compañeros de clase.
Existen en el mercado distintos tratamientos repelentes, que funcionan más o menos bien, pero no se puede decir que sean efectivos al 100%
¿Cuál es el tratamiento?
Lo primero que hay que tener claro es que sólo hay que utilizar tratamientos antipiojos cuando exista infestación activa, es decir, cuando veamos que el niño/a tiene piojos vivos.
En menores de 2 años, no se recomienda inicialmente tratamiento farmacológico, siendo preferible la eliminación manual de piojos y liendres. Si esto no funciona, la elección es la permetrina, pero siempre pasando antes por el pediatra. En menores de 6 meses está totalmente contraindicado el uso de pediculicidas.
El tratamiento hay que aplicarlo sobre el cabello seco, acompañándose de la eliminación manual de los piojos y liendres. Tras dejar actuar el producto, debe lavarse el pelo, peinarlo y dejar secar al aire (no utilizar secadores de pelo).
Los principales pediculicidas son:
- Piretrinas
- Permetrina
- Lindano
- Malation
Mitos sobre los piojos
1. los piojos no pueden saltar, se arrastran. Esto quiere decir que no pueden pasar de una cabeza a otra si no hay contacto
2. Los piojos no son transmitidos por animales, sólo se transmiten de persona a persona.
3. Es falso que acudan a niños/as con falta de higiene. Las liendres se fijan al cabello mediante una sustancia insoluble en agua, jabón o champú. Tampoco es cierto que prefieran las cabezas limpias. Sin embargo, el cabello graso es menos propenso.
4. Los piojos que actúan en el cuero cabelludo no transmiten enfermedades.
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