Cáncer de ovario
Para entender la importancia del cáncer de ovario hay que saber que es el sexto más frecuente entre las mujeres, con aproximadamente 205.000 nuevos casos al año en todo el mundo. Representa entre el 4 y el 5% de los tumores femeninos. La incidencia es mayor en países desarrollados, posiblemente debido a sus bajas tasas de natalidad.
En España se diagnostican unos 3.300 casos anuales lo que representa el 5,1% de los cánceres entre las mujeres. La mayoría de los casos se diagnostican entre los 45 y los 75 años, aunque se dan casos desde los 15 años, si bien éstos tienen mucho mejor pronóstico.
Este tumor, puede crecer de cuatro maneras:
- Crecimiento local: el cáncer de ovario crece por invasión directa a todas las estructuras vecinas como las trompas de Falopio, útero, vejiga y recto. Este crecimiento por contigüidad se produce al romperse la cápsula del ovario.
- Diseminación peritoneal: es la forma más frecuente de crecimiento del cáncer de ovario. Se produce por desprenderse las células del tumor y esparcirse a través de la cavidad abdominal colonizando el peritoneo (membrana que reviste la cavidad abdominal y envuelve las vísceras situadas en ella).
- Diseminación linfática: los ganglios que se afectan con más frecuencia son los situados en la pelvis y alrededor de la arteria aorta.
- Diseminación hematógena: se realiza a través de los vasos sanguíneos, preferentemente hacia el hígado, hueso y pulmón. Este tipo de crecimiento no es frecuente en el cáncer de ovario y cuando lo hace es tardíamente.
FACTORES DE RIESGO
Entre un 5 y un 10% de los tumores de ovario se atribuyen a factores genéticos heredados. Una historia familiar de cáncer de mama, ovario, endometrio o colon aumenta el riesgo de padecer cáncer de ovario. Lo mismo sucede en mujeres portadoras de una mutación en determinados genes.
Los tratamientos hormonales previos también son un importante factor a tener en cuenta: mientras que los anticonceptivos orales (OC) protegen contra esta enfermedad (se estima hasta un 50% menos de incidencia en aquellas mujeres que han tomado anticonceptivos 5 o más años), la terapia hormonal sustitutiva (THS) administrada durante la menopausia parece que aumenta el riesgo.
Otros factores de riesgo son la ausencia de embarazos y el sobrepeso. Según estudios recientes, el tabaquismo también aumenta el riesgo de padecerlo.
Los embarazos y la lactancia protegen del cáncer de ovario, y en menor medida también son protectores el ejercicio moderado y seguir una dieta pobre en grasas animales y rica en frutas y vegetales.
No se recomienda en ningún modo considerar la toma de anticonceptivos como quimioprevención frente al cáncer de ovario, ya que su uso prolongado puede aumentar el riesgo de padecer cáncer de cérvix o enfermedades cardiovasculares. De igual modo no hay que excluir en todos los casos la THS durante la menopausia. Cualquier tratamiento hormonal debe ser evaluado individualmente por un médico especialista.
SUPERVIVENCIA
Aproximadamente un 44 % de las pacientes que sufren un cáncer de ovario en España sobreviven más de 5 años. La supervivencia es excelente (en torno al 90%) para los tumores de células germinales, que son los más frecuentemente diagnosticados en adolescentes y jóvenes.
SÍNTOMAS
Los síntomas son generalmente inespecíficos, pueden confundirse por los producidos por trastornos digestivos menores o por alteraciones ginecológicas benignas como endometriosis u ovarios poliquísticos.
Es importante que consultes con tu médico si aparece cualquiera de los siguientes síntomas y perdura en el tiempo :
- Hinchazón o aumento del diámetro abdominal.
- Dolor pélvico o abdominal persistente.
- Dificultad para comer o sensación de plenitud continua.
Otros síntomas menos frecuentes pueden ser:
- Necesidad de orinar más frecuentemente.
- Cambios en el hábito intestinal (estreñimiento o diarrea) o aparición de náuseas y/o vómitos.
- Dolor de espalda sin causa conocida que empeora progresivamente.
- Cansancio.
- Pérdida o aumento de peso sin causa conocida.
- Sangrado vaginal y alteraciones del ciclo menstrual.
Recuerda que estos síntomas pueden ser debidos a enfermedades benignas, no obstante es recomendable que lo consultes con tu médico si persisten en el tiempo.
https://www.aecc.es/es/todo-sobre-cancer/tipos-cancer/cancer-ovario
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